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Optimal time allocation to foraging behaviour may be constrained by intrinsic and extrinsic factors forcing animals to adopt compromises to meet their daily energetic needs. Our goal was to assess the influence of individual characteristics and extrinsic factors on the activity budget of marked adult female mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus. As lactation entails important energetic costs, we specifically aimed at contrasting activity budgets of lactating and nonlactating females. We determi...
When resources are limited, life history theory predicts a trade-off between growth, reproduction and survival. In summer, lactating females of temperate large herbivores such as the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) normally have access to abundant forage but also face the high energetic needs of lactation and recovery from winter mass loss. At high population density, however, females may face a trade-off between allocating resources for maintenance and for reproduction. To simulat...
Lactation is the most energetically costly component of maternal investment in mammals. For large temperate herbivores, summer is characterized by relatively abundant forage but also high energetic needs for lactation and recovery from winter mass loss. We experimentally restricted food supply by about 20%, and compared the nursing and foraging behaviours of control and food-restricted adult female white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and their fawns during lactation. We considered two ...
In polygynous mammals, mating success of males often depends on intense male-male competition and the use of alternative mating tactics. Because reproduction incurs substantial energetic costs and risks of fight injuries, mate selection by males should be expected, particularly when females vary in their ability to produce offspring but can only be defended 1 at a time. Here, we investigated during 3 ruts how age and social rank of male mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) affected the format...