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Dubé, Jean

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Jean

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Département de Biologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval

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  • PublicationRestreint
    Restoration of the transepithelial potential within tissue-engineered human skin in vitro and during the wound healing process in vivo
    (Mary Ann Liebert, 2010-08-05) Plante, Michel; Germain, Lucie; Roberge, Charles; Auger, François A.; Gauvin, Robert; Dubé, Jean; Goulet, Daniel; Rochette-Drouin, Olivier; Bourdages, Michel; Lévesque, Philippe; Moulin, Véronique
    Normal human epidermis possesses a transepithelial potential (TEP) that varies in different parts of the body (10–60 mV). The role of TEP in normal epidermis is not yet identified; but after skin injury, TEP disruption induces an endogenous direct current electric field (100–200 mV/mm) directed toward the middle of the wound. This endogenous electric field could be implicated in the wound healing process by attracting cells, thus facilitating reepithelialization. However, little is known on the restoration of the TEP during human skin formation and wound healing. In this study, the variations in TEP and Na+/K+ ATPase pump expression during the formation of the epithelium were investigated in vitro using human tissue-engineered human skin (TES) reconstituted by tissue engineering and in vivo with a porcine wound healing model. Results showed that TEP undergoes ascending and decreasing phases during epithelium formation in TES as well as during wound repair within TES. Similar results were observed during in vivo reepithelialization of wounds. The ascending and decreasing TEP values were correlated with changes in the expression of Na+/K+ ATPase pump. The distribution of Na+/K+ ATPase pumps also varied according to epidermal differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that the variations in the expression of Na+/K+ ATPase pump over time and across epidermis would be a determinant parameter of the TEP, dictating a cationic transport during the formation and restoration of the epidermis. Therefore, this study brings a new perspective to understand the formation and restoration of TEP during the cutaneous wound healing process. This might have important future medical applications regarding the treatment of chronic wound healing.
  • PublicationAccès libre
    Electric potential across epidermis and its role during wound healing can be studied by using an in vitro reconstructed human skin
    (S-N Publications, 2012-02-28) Plante, Michel; Germain, Lucie; Roberge, Charles; Auger, François A.; Gauvin, Robert; Dubé, Jean; Rochette-Drouin, Olivier; Goulet, Daniel; Lévesque, Philippe; Bourdages, Michel; Moulin, Véronique
    Background : After human epidermis wounding, transepithelial potential (TEP) present in nonlesional epidermis decreases and induces an endogenous direct current epithelial electric field (EEF) that could be implicated in the wound re-epithelialization. Some studies suggest that exogenous electric stimulation of wounds can stimulate healing, although the mechanisms remain to be determined. The Problem : Little is known concerning the exact action of the EEF during healing. The mechanism responsible for TEP and EEF is unknown due to the lack of an in vitro model to study this phenomenon. Basic Science Advances : We carried out studies by using a wound created in a human tissue-engineered skin and determined that TEP undergoes ascending and decreasing phases during the epithelium formation. The in vitro TEP measurements over time in the wound were corroborated with histological changes and with in vivo TEP variations during porcine skin wound healing. The expression of a crucial element implicated in Na+ transport, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps, was also evaluated at the same time points during the re-epithelialization process. The ascending and decreasing TEP values were correlated with changes in the expression of these pumps. The distribution of Na+/K+ ATPase pumps also varied according to epidermal differentiation. Further, inhibition of the pump activity induced a significant decrease of the TEP and of the re-epithelization rate. Clinical Care Relevance : A better comprehension of the role of EEF could have important future medical applications regarding the treatment of chronic wound healing. Conclusion : This study brings a new perspective to understand the formation and restoration of TEP during the cutaneous wound healing process.
  • PublicationAccès libre
    Les champs électriques et les kératinocytes humains : analyse des mécanismes d'action et du potentiel trans-épithélial sur les peaux humaines reconstruites par génie tissulaire
    (2009) Dubé, Jean; Germain, Lucie
    L'épiderme humain contient une pile physiologique dont le potentiel varie de 10 à 60 mV en fonction de la localisation sur le corps. Un gradient sodique décroissant de la couche basale jusqu'en dessous de la couche cornée est maintenu par l'action de pompes ioniques créant ainsi une différence de potentiel trans-épithélial (PTE). En condition normale, aucun rôle physiologique n'a encore été attribué à ce potentiel. Lorsque la peau est endommagée, une fuite d'ions provenant de la rupture du gradient sodique induit un champ électrique endogène (100 à 200 raV/mm) en bordure de la plaie. Le champ électrique endogène est dirigé vers le centre de la plaie. Il a été suggéré que la présence d'un champ électrique endogène est importante dans la réépithélialisation des plaies. Toutefois, les mécanismes d'action de celui-ci demeurent peu connus. Les recherches actuelles sur le sujet sont davantage orientées sur les effets des champs électriques sur la guérison des plaies et très peu concernent le rôle du PTE. Pourtant, c'est la présence du PTE présent dans la peau intacte entourant la plaie qui permet l'induction du champ électrique endogène à la suite d'une blessure. Notre objectif général était d'évaluer les effets de champs électriques d'intensités physiologiques sur les kératinocytes en monocouches et d'étudier la formation du PTE lors de la réépithélialisation de l'épiderme. Tout d'abord, nous avons étudié la réponse cellulaire des kératinocytes en présence de champs électriques par la mesure de la variation du calcium intracellulaire (Ca2+j) avec la sonde fluorescente fluo-4. Les variations de la fluorescence en fonction du temps ont été enregistrées à l'aide d'un système d'observation microscopique en continu. Nos résultats montrent que la stimulation de kératinocytes avec des intensités de champ électrique d'ordre physiologique et supraphysiologique (100 à 900 mV/mm) produit une élévation du taux de Ca2+; et que l'ampleur de cette réponse dépend de l'intensité du champ électrique appliqué. Nous avons également noté que les variations de Ca2+j observées suite à une stimulation électrique sont spécifiques aux kératinocytes peu différenciés. Ces résultats montrent pour la première fois que la stimulation électrique de kératinocytes humains en colonies induit une augmentation de Ca2+j et que cette réponse cellulaire est dépendante du niveau de différenciation des cellules. L'étude du PTE est complexe puisqu'elle nécessite un modèle d'étude en trois dimensions représentant l'épiderme humain. À l'aide du modèle de peau reconstruite ii humaine (PRH) par génie tissulaire développée au LOEX, nous avons étudié la formation du PTE lors de la genèse et de la réépithélialisation de l'épiderme. Tout d'abord, nous avons élaboré un système adapté pour les mesures du PTE sur des PRH et sur un modèle animal de plaies cutanées. Des mesures du PTE ont ensuite été réalisées sur des PRH et des biopsies ont été réalisées sur les épidémies en formation ainsi que sur les plaies en fonction du temps. Nos résultats montrent que le PTE varie durant la formation de l'épiderme. Cette période est composée d'une phase ascendante et suivie d'une phase descendante. Une période similaire de rétablissement du PTE a également été observée durant la réépithélialisation de plaies sur notre modèle de PRH et ces observations ont été corrélées in vivo sur un modèle de plaie cutanée chez le porc. La période du PTE a également été corrélée avec l'expression variable (ascendante et descendante) de la pompe Na+/K+ ATPase en fonction du temps et en fonction de la différenciation de l'épiderme. Ces résultats suggèrent que les pompes Na+/K+ ATPase régleraient le transport des ions sodiques pour l'établissement du PTE durant la formation ainsi qu'au cours de la réépithélialisation de l'épiderme. L'ensemble des résultats procure une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes reliés au champ électrique endogène et au potentiel transmembranaire dans la peau humaine.
  • PublicationRestreint
    Isolation and characterization of human airway fibroblasts in culture
    (Humana Press, 2000-01-01) Germain, Lucie; Chakir, Jamila; Boulet, Louis-Philippe; Auger, François A.; Dubé, Jean; Laviolette, Michel; Goulet, Francine
    Asthma is considered an airway inflammatory disorder characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness (1). The inflammatory component of asthma has been studied extensively over the past few years, but, more recently, the potential contribution of airway wall remodeling to functional and clinical changes has been emphasized (2, 3). Although the methods of sampling of bronchial tissue were previously limited, being obtained mostly from autopsic or surgical specimens, they have improved recently. The safety and usefulness of bronchial biopsies obtained by bronchoscopic procedures have now been established. The analysis of inflammatory and structural airway changes has significantly contributed to our understanding of asthma pathophysiology (4-7). This mode of sampling bronchial tissue has provided new means of obtaining materials for cell culture (8). One of the key cells involved in airway structural changes is the fibroblast (9). For example, the typical subepithelial collagen deposition seen in asthma has been attributed to myofibroblasts, and the number of these cells found in the subepithelial area of the airways correlates with the basement membrane thickness (10). The myofibroblast is probably involved in changes of the contractile properties of the airways following the repair process induced by the inflammatory insult. Furthermore, this cell has been involved in the modulation of the inflammatory process (11, 12). Phenotypic cell changes may occur under the influence of the asthmatic inflammatory process. Cytokines produced by inflammatory cells can modulate fibroblast functions and extracellular matrix deposition. Among those, transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factor are probably the most potent cytokines affecting ECM component synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, and structural cell phenotypes (12). The isolation and culture of fibroblastic cells from bronchial biopsies may therefore contribute to elucidating the influence of the inflammatory process on structural cells such as the fibroblast, and vice versa. There are, however, inherent difficulties, in order to maximize the chances of obtaining appropriate cell cultures from those techniques. These are discussed in the following subheadings.
  • PublicationRestreint
    A novel single-step self-assembly approach for the fabrication of tissue-engineered vascular constructs
    (Mary Ann Liebert, 2009-12-28) Germain, Lucie; Ahsan, Taby; Larouche, Danielle; Auger, François A.; Gauvin, Robert; Dubé, Jean; Tanguay, Robert M.; Lévesque, Philippe
    There is a clinical need for a functional tissue-engineered blood vessel because small-caliber arterial graft (<5 mm) applications are limited by the availability of suitable autologous vessels and suboptimal performances of synthetic grafts. This study presents an analysis of the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered vascular constructs produced using a novel single-step self-assembly approach. Briefly, the tissue-engineered vascular media were produced by culturing smooth muscle cell in the presence of sodium l-ascorbate until the formation of a cohesive tissue sheet. This sheet was then rolled around a tubular support to create a media construct. Alternatively, the tissue-engineered vascular adventitia was produced by rolling a tissue sheet obtained from dermal fibroblasts or saphenous vein fibroblasts. The standard self-assembly approach to obtain the two-layer tissue-engineered vascular constructs comprising both media and adventitia constructs consists of two steps in which tissue-engineered vascular media were first rolled on a tubular support and a tissue-engineered vascular adventitia was then rolled on top of the first layer. This study reports an original alternative method for assembling tissue-engineered vascular constructs comprising both media and an adventitia in a single step by rolling a continuous tissue sheet containing both cell types contiguously. This tissue sheet was produced by growing smooth muscle cells alongside fibroblasts (saphenous vein fibroblasts or dermal fibroblasts) in the same culture dish separated by a spacer, which is removed later in the culture period. The mechanical strength assessed by uniaxial tensile testing, burst pressure measurements, and viscoelastic behavior evaluated by stepwise stress relaxation tests reveals that the new single-step fabrication method significantly improves the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered vascular construct for both ultimate tensile strength and all the viscoelastic moduli.
  • PublicationAccès libre
    Morphologic and functional properties of bronchial cells isolated from normal and asthmatic subjects
    (American Thoracic Society, 1996-09-01) Boutet, Michel; Tremblay, Nathalie; Germain, Lucie; Chakir, Jamila; Xu, Wen; Boulet, Louis-Philippe; Auger, François A.; Dubé, Jean; Laviolette, Michel; Goulet, Francine
    Recent advances in biomedical sciences have led to the development of various methods for the evaluation of the physiopathology of respiratory diseases. This study reports morphologic and functional features of cells isolated by a new method from bronchial biopsies of normal and asthmatic subjects. Both epithelial and fibroblastic cells were isolated from the same biopsies using collagenase. The cells were cultured for several passages and stored frozen. Two selective culture media were used in order to obtain pure epithelial and fibroblastic cell populations. Immunofluorescence analysis of intermediate filaments, keratins, and vimentin confirmed the type of the isolated cells. The proportions of alpha-actin-expressing cells varied among the fibroblastic cell populations isolated from normal and asthmatic subjects. Interestingly, the population containing high numbers of alpha-actin-expressing cells and presenting the fastest collagen contraction kinetic was isolated from bronchial biopsies of an asthmatic subject. Moreover, the fibroblastic cells that showed the best contractile properties 24 h after their seeding in floating collagen gels were isolated from bronchial biopsies of asthmatic patients having PC20 values below 1 mg/ml. On the basis of these data, we propose a new approach to isolate, culture and characterize human bronchial cells in vitro.
  • PublicationRestreint
    Human keratinocytes respond to direct current stimulation by increasing intracellular calcium : preferential response of poorly differentiated cells
    (Liss, 2012-02-24) Plante, Michel; Germain, Lucie; Roberge, Charles; Auger, François A.; Gauvin, Robert; Dubé, Jean; Goulet, Daniel; Rochette-Drouin, Olivier; Bourdages, Michel; Lévesque, Philippe; Moulin, Véronique
    A direct current (DC) endogenous electric field (EF) is induced in the wound following skin injury. It is potentially implicated in the wound healing process by attracting cells and altering their phenotypes as indicated by the response to an EF of keratinocytes cultured as individual cells. To better define the signalization induced by a direct current electric field (DCEF) in human keratinocytes, we took advantage of an in vitro model more representative of the in vivo situation since it promotes cell–cell interactions and stratification. Human keratinocytes were grown into colonies. Their exposure to a DCEF of physiological intensity induced an increase of intracellular calcium. This variation of intracellular calcium resulted from an extracellular calcium influx and was mediated, at least in part, by the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel. The increase in intracellular calcium in response to a DCEF was however not observed in all the cells composing the colonies. The intracellular calcium increase was only detected in keratinocytes that didn't express involucrin, a marker of differentiated cells. These results indicate that DCEF is able to induce a specific calcium response in poorly differentiated keratinocytes. This study brings a new perspective for the understanding of the signaling mechanism of endogenous EF in reepithelialization, a critical process during skin wound healing.